Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Etymology [ ] Tollywood was the very first, dating back to a 1932 article in the by Wilford E. Deming, an American engineer who was involved in the production of the first Indian sound film. He gave the industry the name Tollywood because the Tollygunge district in which it was based rhymed with 'Hollywood', and because Tollygunge was the center of the as a whole at the time much like Hollywood was in the. In that same March 1932 article, Deming was also considering the name 'Hollygunge' but decided to go with 'Tollywood' as the nickname for the Tollygunge area due to 'Tolly being a proper name and Gunge meaning locality' in the.

It was this 'chance juxtaposition of two pairs of rhyming syllables,' Holly and Tolly, that led to the name 'Tollywood' being coined. The name 'Tollywood' went on to be used as a nickname for the Bengali film industry by the popular -based youth magazine, establishing a precedent for other film industries to use similar-sounding names. Tollywood later went on to inspire the name ' (as the -based industry overtook the one in Tollygunge), which in turn inspired many other. A scene from, 1931, the first Bengali talkie The history of cinema in dates to the 1920s, when the first ' were shown in theaters in.

Within a decade, the first seeds of the industry was sown by, considered a stalwart of cinema when he set up the, producing scenes from the stage productions of a number of popular shows at the,,. Following a long gap after Sen's works, (known as D.G.) established the, the first Bengali-owned production company, in 1918. However, the first Bengali feature film,, was produced in 1919, under the banner of. Was the IBFC's first production in 1921. The production of was the first Bengali. A long history has been traversed since then, with stalwarts such as, and and others earning international acclaim and securing their place in the movie history. Early development [ ] Silent era: 1919-1930 [ ].

Main article: India is credited as one of Bengal's, and India's first directors. These were all. Hiralal Sen is also credited as one of the pioneers of advertisement films in India. The first Bengali-language movie was the silent feature, produced by the Madan Theatre Company of Calcutta and released on 8 November 1919, only six years after the first full-length Indian feature film,, was released. The early beginnings of the 'talking film' industry go back to the early 1930s, when it came to, and to Calcutta.

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The movies were originally made in or to accommodate a specific elite market. One of the earliest known studios was the. The first Bengali film to be made as a was, released in 1931. At this time the early heroes of the Bengali film industry like and were at the peak of their popularity. Barua also directed movies, exploring new dimension in Indian cinema. Debaki Bose directed Chandidas in 1932; this film is noted for its breakthrough in recording sound.

Sound recordist Mukul Bose found a solution to the problem of spacing out dialogue and frequency modulation. Rise of the talkie: 1931-1947 [ ]. During this period, Bengali cinema enjoyed a large, even disproportionate, representation in Indian cinema. They produced directors like Satyajit Ray, who was an winner, and the recipient of India's and France's greatest civilian honours, the and respectively, and, who is the recipient of the French distinction of Commander of the and the Russian. Other prominent film makers in the Bengali film industry at the time included and.

The Bengali film industry has produced classics such as (1952), (1955–1959), (1958), (1958), (1959),, (1960), (1960), the (1971–1976), etc. In particular, The Apu Trilogy is frequently listed among the.

The most well known actor to date has been while is regarded as the most beautiful and influential actress of Bengali cinema. And were known as 'The Eternal Pair' in the late 1950s. Apart from Sen, and were very popular actress of the 1950s. Is a notable actor, having acted in several Satyajit Ray films, and considered as a rival to in the 1960s. He is famous for the characterization of in Sonar Kella (1974) and (1978), written and directed by Ray.

He also played the adult version of Apu in (1959), directed by Ray. In the 1960s, Bengal saw a host of talented actresses like,,, and. Aparna Sen was one of the most successful actresses of the Golden Era. She became the leading heroine of the 1970s and since 1981 she has been directing films. One of the most well known Bengali actresses was, who debuted in Ray's The World of Apu, and became a major actress in Bengali cinema as well as Bollywood. Despite Suchitra Sen being the greatest actress, Sharmila was the most commercial successful actress in history with films like The World of Apu (1959), Devi (1960), Nayak (1966), Simabaddha (1967) and Aranyer Dinratri (1970).

Is internationally known for his acting in movies and plays, especially Shakespearean plays., and were best known for their comic timing and with their versatile acting talent they stunned the audience and critics. The pioneers in Bengali film music include, and, all associated with. The greatest composers of the golden era included,,, etc. Modern revival: 1990s to present [ ] The revival in Bengali cinema dates from the rise of directors such as, and. Rituparno made his first film Hirer Angti in 1992 and dominated Bengali cinema until his death in 2013, winning numerous national awards for films like Unishe April, Dahan and Utsab.

Aparna Sen made her directorial debut in 1981 with the internationally lauded 36 Chowringhee Lane, which looked at the lives of Anglo-Indians living in Calcutta. Her later films have also been celebrated: Paromitar Ek Din, Mr and Mrs Iyer, 15 Park Avenue, The Japanese Wife, Goynar Baksho, etc. Gautam Ghose is best known for award-winning films like Dakhal, Paar, Padma Nadir Majhi and Abar Aranye. In recent years, a younger generation of Bengali directors have come to the fore. Many work in the domestic film industry, but others have gone on to Bollywood where they have met with notable success. In turn, they have also turned the cinematic spotlight on Kolkata, acquainting the city with a much wider national and global audience ( Kahaani, Piku, Detective Byomkesh Bakshy). Successful Bengali films are getting their Hindi remakes in Bollywood (,, Rajkahini).

Some of the directors who have gained success in recent years are,, [ Dhaananjoy Mandal ( Fipresci Award Winning Talnabami, Mela. Padma Patar Jal ],,,,,,,, and and (who have made several films as a duo).

Bengali directors who have found artistic and commercial success in contemporary Hindi films are:,,,, and. Budgets [ ] 70-100 Bengali movies are released every year and are produced with a budget of 20,00,000 to Rs. 15 million per movie. India's big house Reliance Big Entertainment and Home Entertainment, Shree Venkatesh Films, Viacom Pictures are the producers of the most expensive Bengali movies. While other regional movies like the ones in Tamil and Telugu have a budget of Rs 400 million, budgets of Bengali movies are still restricted within certain limits.

For reference: a rupee = 10 million rupees (roughly 160,000 ), and a = 100,000 rupees. Many of the most critically acclaimed Bengali films were, including Satyajit Ray's famous (1955–1959). The first film in the trilogy, (1955), was produced on a shoestring budget of Rs. 150,000 ($32000) using an amateur cast and crew. Simulatlas Keygen here. All his other films that followed also had low budgets, with his most expensive films since the 60's being (1968) at Rs.

600,000 ($80,000) and (1977) at Rs. 6 million ($230,000). The Bengali film industry, which had been a beacon for the country's film industry until the 1980s, is in a turnaround mode. At a time when Bollywood continues its roller-coaster ride, there are cheers in the Bengali film industry with several commercial successes. The dark period of the 1990s when Bengali tinsel town was on a steep decline seems like a nightmare that's best forgotten. And, with the money pouring in, producers from other States are now knocking on the doors of Bengali directors.

Industry sources say that the best proof of the comeback is seen in the increasing number of cinema houses showing Bengali films. Even a few years ago, of the 800 movie theaters in the State, no more than 350 were showing just Bengali films.

The remaining had spread their risk showing a mix of either Hindi and English or Hindi and Bengali films.2008, nearly 700 theaters are showing Bengali films., produced by at a cost of Rs 8 million, recovered its costs within three weeks and earned 20 million in all. The movie has brought back the concept of family entertainment with Sandip Ray's gambit of contemporising the plot paying him rich dividend. Admitting that he did not expect this success, he told Life that he was now lining up another such film for release next year. Earlier, a film by award-winning director 's Mondo Meyer Upakhyan (The Tale of a Fallen Girl) produced by Arjoe Entertainments netted nearly Rs 7 million through sale of overseas rights against a cost of Rs 0.6 million. His film (Companion) created a record by recouping over five times its production cost, although the film, with big names like, Rituparno Ghosh and Tagore, failed to yield expected results. The movie, billed at Rs 16.5 million (the highest among Bengali films). Total number of cinema theatre is approx 400.But there are films like 'Kaler rakhal'(2008)by Sekhar Das which created huge controversy for its strong political comments on contemporary Bengal, despite its formal brilliance too, was not successful in the box office as the film was unceremoniously withdrawn from the theaters.

Loose and unorganized production activities, dominated and dictated by providers of capital led to proliferation of sub-standard films, which were most often commercial failures. The recent successes have come through some concerted effort by which has tapped the domestic market, even while scouting the overseas ones, hitting the festival circuit somewhere in between. As such, celluloid creations of award-winning directors like, and started bringing money for their producers. However, at around the same time, movies in the commercial circuit (directors like to call them mainstream cinema) also started doing well, supported strongly by the response from the semi-urban areas. The big Bollywood banners such as and Rajshri films are now showing interest in funding Bengali films. Houses like have made their debut in distributing Bengali movies. According to industry experts, several issues need to be addressed to build on this resurgence and consolidate it.

These include inadequate infrastructure, which often compels moviemakers to go outside the State for facilities pushing up costs, poor marketing and distribution and increasing competition from. Rankings [ ] A number of Satyajit Ray films appeared in the Critics' Poll of, including (ranked No. 4 in 1992 if votes are combined), (ranked No. 27 in 1992), (ranked No. 41 in 1992) and (ranked No. The 2002 Sight & Sound critics' and directors' poll also included the Ritwik Ghatak films (ranked #231) and Komal Gandhar (ranked #346).

In 1998, the critics' poll conducted by the magazine included The Apu Trilogy (ranked No. 1 if votes are combined), Ray's and (both tied at #11), and Ghatak's (also tied at #11). In 1999, top 250 'Best Film of the Century' critics' poll also included The Apu Trilogy (ranked No.

5 if votes are combined). In 2005, The Apu Trilogy was also included in list. In 1992, the Sight & Sound Critics' Poll ranked Ray at No. 7 in its list of 'Top 10 Directors' of all time, and (ranked No. National Board of Review (USA) [ ] • National Board of Review Award for Best Foreign Language Film: (1958- & 1960- ) The Annual Academy Awards (Oscars) [ ] • Academy Honorary Award: (1992- 'In recognition of his rare mastery of the art of motion pictures, and of his profound humanitarian outlook, which has had an indelible influence on filmmakers and audiences throughout the world.'

) National Award [ ]. Main article: The National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali is one of the presented annually by the, the organisation set up. It is one of several awards presented for feature films and awarded with Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus). The, established in 1954, are the most prominent film awards in India that merit the best of the. The ceremony also presents awards for films in various. Regional Awards [ ] • -The oldest Association of Film critics in India, founded in 1937, by the inspiration and determination of the handful of pioneers amongst the then thin section of scribes that were drawn to film journalism with a lofty mission to serve the developing film journalism and film industry.

• -Ceremony is one of the most prominent film events given for Bengali cinema in India • -Ceremony is recognized as one of the topmost awards ceremonies of eastern region of India. • Tellysamman Awards -, a Kolkata-based Bengali daily organized this Award Ceremony. • Zee Bangla Gourab Somman Awards -These awards are designed for the people by the people. Zee Bangla would be honoring the rich culture and tradition of the land and felicitating the evergreen personalities from the field of theatre, film, music and our own television shows. • See also [ ].

Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Offensiveness The word is considered obscene, but is common in many informal and familiar situations. It is unclear whether the word has always been considered vulgar, or, if not, when it first came to be used to describe (often in an extremely angry, hostile or belligerent manner) unpleasant circumstances or people in an intentionally offensive way, such as in the term, one of its more common usages in some parts of the. Some English-speaking countries censor it on television and radio. Andrea Millwood Hargrave's 2000 study of the attitudes of the British public found that fuck was considered the third most severe profanity and its derivative motherfucker second. Was considered the most severe.

Nevertheless, the word has become increasingly less vulgar and more publicly acceptable, an example of the ', wherein former vulgarities become inoffensive and commonplace. According to linguist Pamela Hobbs, 'notwithstanding its increasing public use, enduring cultural models that inform our beliefs about the nature of sexuality and sexual acts preserve its status as a vile utterance that continues to inspire moral outrage.' Hobbs considers users rather than usage of the word and sub-divides users into 'non-users', for whom the word 'evokes the core sexual meanings and associated sexual imagery that motivate the taboo', and 'users' for whom 'metaphorical uses of the word fuck no more evoke images of sexual intercourse than a ten-year-old’s ‘My mom’ll kill me if she finds out’ evokes images of murder,' so that the 'criteria of taboo are missing.'

Because of its increasing usage in the public forum, in 2005 the word was included for the first time as one of three vulgarities in 's Canadian Press Caps and Spelling guide. Journalists were advised to refrain from censoring the word but use it sparingly and only when its inclusion was essential to the story.

Etymology The states that the ultimate etymology is uncertain, but that the word is 'probably cognate' with a number of words with meanings involving striking, rubbing, and having sex or is derivative of the Old French word that meant 'to fuck'. First use in sexual sense In 2015, Dr. Claimed to have found '(possibly) the earliest known use of the word 'fuck' that clearly has a sexual connotation': in English court records of 1310–11, a man local to is referred to as ', probably a nickname. 'Either this refers to an inexperienced copulator, referring to someone trying to have sex with the navel, or it's a rather extravagant explanation for a dimwit, someone so stupid they think this that is the way to have sex,' says Booth. An earlier name, that of recorded in 1278, has been the subject of debate, but is thought by many to have had some separate and non-sexual origin. Otherwise, the usually accepted first known occurrence of the word is found in in a poem in a mixture of and English composed in the 15th century.

The poem, which satirizes the friars of, England, takes its title, ', from the first words of its opening line, Flen, flyys, and freris ('Fleas, flies, and friars'). The line that contains fuck reads Non sunt in coeli, quia gxddbov xxkxzt pg ifmk.

The phrase ' gxddbou xxkxzt pg ifmk', here by replacing each letter by the previous letter in, as the English alphabet was then, yields the non sunt in coeli, quia fuccant vvivys of heli, which translated means, 'They are not in heaven, because they fuck the women of '. The phrase was probably encoded because it accused monks of breaking their vows of celibacy; it is uncertain to what extent the word fuck was considered acceptable at the time.

The stem of fuccant is an English word used as Latin: English has many examples of writers using English words when they did not know the Latin word: ' workmannus' is an example. In the of this poem, the term wife was still used generically for 'woman'. [ ] Older etymology Via Germanic The word has probable in other Germanic languages, such as German ficken (to fuck); fokken (to breed, to beget); dialectal fukka (to copulate), and dialectal focka (to strike, to copulate) and fock (). This points to a possible etymology where fuk– comes from an root meaning 'to strike', cognate with non-Germanic words such as Latin pugno 'I fight' or pugnus 'fist'. By application of, this hypothetical root has the form * pug–. There is a theory that fuck is most likely derived from Flemish, German, or Dutch roots, and is probably not derived from an Old English root. Via Latin or Greek There may be a kinship with the Latin ( futuo), a verb with almost exactly the same meaning as the English verb 'to fuck'.

From fūtuere came French foutre, fotre, Italian fottere, futere, vulgar peninsular Spanish joder, foder, and the obscure English equivalent to, coined. However, there is no clear past lineage or derivation for the Latin word. These roots, even if cognates, are not the original Indo-European word for to copulate, but argues that they derive from the Indo-European * b hu– or * b hug– ('be', 'become'), or as causative 'create' [see Young, 1964]. A possible intermediate might be a Latin 4th- * fūtus, with possible meanings including 'act of (pro)creating'. However, the connection to futuere has been disputed‍—‌ calls it a 'coincidence' and writes that it is not likely to have been borrowed from the precursors to fuck.

Greek phyō (φύω) has various meanings, including (of a man) 'to beget', or (of a woman), 'to give birth to'. Its pephyka (πέφυκα) can be likened [ ] to 'fuck' and its equivalents in other Germanic languages. False etymologies One reason that the word fuck is so hard to trace etymologically is that it was used far more extensively in common speech than in easily traceable written forms. There are several postulating an origin for the word.

None of these acronyms was ever recorded before the 1960s, according to the authoritative work, and thus are. In any event, the word fuck has been in use far too long for some of these supposed origins to be possible. Some of these urban legends are that the word fuck came from Irish law. If a couple were caught committing, they would be punished 'For Unlawful In the Nude,' with 'FUCKIN' written on the above them to denote the crime. A similar variant on this theory involves the recording by church clerks of the crime of 'Forbidden Use of Carnal Knowledge.'

Another theory is that of a royal permission. During the in the, towns were trying to control populations and their interactions. Since uncontaminated resources were scarce, supposedly many towns required permission to have children. Hence, the legend goes, that couples that were having children were required to first obtain royal permission (usually from a local magistrate or lord) and then place a sign somewhere visible from the road in their home that said ' Under Consent of King,' which was later shortened to 'FUCK.'

This story is hard to document, but has persisted in oral and literary traditions for many years; however, it has been demonstrated to be an urban legend. A different false etymology, first made popular on the radio show, states that the phrase 'fuck you' comes from the phrase 'pluck yew' and relates the origins of fuck to the myth surrounding the.

This myth states that French archers at the insulted the English troops' ability to shoot their weapons by waving their fingers in a V shape; after the English secured a landslide victory, they returned the gesture. The addition of the phrase 'fuck you' to the myth came when it was claimed that the English yelled that they could still 'pluck yew' ( wood being the preferred material for longbows at the time), a phrase that evolved into the modern 'fuck you'. Grammar Fuck has a very flexible role in English grammar, including use as both a and, and as an,, and. It can also be used as an and a. Linguist Geoffrey Hughes found eight distinct usages for English curse words, and fuck can apply to each.

For example, it fits in the 'curse' sense ('fuck you!' ) as well as the 'personal' sense ('You fucker'). Its vulgarity also contributes to its mostly figurative sense, though the word itself is used in its literal sense to refer to sexual intercourse, its most common usage is figurative- to indicate the speaker's strong sentiment and to offend or shock the listener.

Early usage 's 1503 poem 'Brash of Wowing' includes the lines: 'Yit be his feiris he wald haue fukkit: / Ye brek my hairt, my bony ane' (ll. The oldest occurrence of the word in adjectival form (which implies use of the verb) in English comes from the margins of a 1528 manuscript copy of 's. A monk had scrawled in the margin notes, 'fuckin Abbot'. Whether the monk meant the word literally, to accuse this abbott of 'questionable monastic morals,' or whether he used it 'as an intensifier, to convey his extreme dismay' is unclear. 1598 Italian-English dictionary, A Worlde of Wordes, included the term, along with several now-archaic, but then-vulgar synonyms, in this definition: • Fottere: To jape, to sard, to fucke, to swive, to occupy. Of these, 'occupy' and 'jape' still survive as verbs, though with less profane meanings, while 'sard' was a descendant of the Anglo-Saxon verb seordan (or seorðan, serða), to copulate; and 'swive' had derived from earlier swīfan, to revolve i.e. To swivel (compare modern-day 'screw').

A 1790 poem by has a father upset with his bookish son say 'I'd not give [a fuck] for all you've read'. Originally printed as 'I'd not give ------ for all you've read', scholars agree that the words 'a fuck' were removed, making the poem the first recorded instance of the now-common phrase 'I don't give a fuck'.

Farmer and Henley's 1893 dictionary of slang notes both the adverbial and adjectival forms of fuck as similar to but 'more violent' than bloody and indicating extreme insult, respectively. Rise of modern usage Though it appeared in English lexicographer 's 1775 A New and Complete Dictionary, listed as 'low' and 'vulgar,' and appearing with several definitions, fuck did not appear in any widely consulted dictionary of the English language from 1795 to 1965. Its first appearance in the Oxford English Dictionary (along with the word cunt) was in 1972. The variant feck appeared in the, compiled by in 1900.

Modern usage. This section is about the English-language term. For other uses, see. 'Holy fuck' is an example of 'liturgical profanity' used interjectionally to express anger, contempt, disgust, or amazement. Usually vulgar.

Noted by academics and used in literature, deriving its power from a combination of the sacred,, and the profane, fuck. An exclamation, similar to ', but more offensive, also used informally for sex within a religious context. Machine mistranslation The word fuck occurs sometimes in Chinese/English bilingual public notices in China as a machine translation of the character (干), which replaced the three characters 干 meaning 'a pole', 幹 meaning 'to do' or 'to work' (and having a secondary slang meaning of 'to fuck'), and 乾 meaning 'dried'. (Traditional Chinese 乾 can also be pronounced qian, which is a stem word meaning 'sky'.) Some examples are 'spread to fuck the fruit' for 'loose dried fruit', 'fuck to adjust the area' for 'dry seasonings section', and 'fuck the certain price of goods' for 'dry foods price counter'. The fault occurred in some versions of commonly used Chinese to English, for example Jinshan (金山 = 'Gold Mountain').

F-bomb The term 'F-bomb' usually refers to the unanticipated use of the word 'fuck' in an unexpected setting, such as public media. The term was first reported in a newspaper () in 1988 when Hall of Fame baseball catcher used it. In 2012 it was listed, for the first time, in the mainstream.

Censorship On August 19, 1969 the band played their song ' uncensored on, including the 1960s countercultural slogan 'Up against the wall, motherfucker!' (which was also at that time). This was the first appearance of the word on U.S. The word 'motherfucker' was also censored on the song's printed lyrics that came with the as 'fred.' Films edited for broadcast use matching so that will not be thrown off. In the film, 's character repeatedly yells, 'This is what happens when you fuck a stranger in the ass' while trashing a car. It was censored on television as 'This is what happens when you find a stranger in the Alps.'

Freedom of expression In 1971, the decided that the public display of fuck is protected under the and and cannot be made a criminal offense. In 1968, Paul Robert Cohen had been convicted of for wearing a jacket with a slogan titled 'Fuck the Draft' (in a reference to conscription in the ). The conviction was upheld by the court of appeals and overturned by the supreme court., 403 U.S.

Common alternatives. Main article: In conversation or writing, reference to or use of the word fuck may be replaced by any of many alternative words or phrases, including 'the F-word' or 'the F-bomb' (a play on ' and '), or simply, eff or f (as in 'What the eff' or 'You effing fool', 'What the F' or 'You f'ing fool'). Also, there are many commonly used substitutes, such as flipping, frigging, fricking, freaking,, fudge, flaming or any of a number of similar-sounding nonsense words.

In print, there are alternatives such as, 'F***', 'F––k', etc.; or a string of non- characters, for example, '@$#*%!' And similar (especially favored in ). [ ] A replacement word used mainly on the Internet is ', derived from the name of the Unix file system chec king utility. In the bowdlerized form ' (spelt ' in the ) was used as a substitute for fuck.

The word was sometimes jokingly used as a curse by fans. Similarly, the word 'frell' is used as a substitute on the TV show, and Dr.

(played by ) has frequently used the substitute 'frick' on the TV show. The phrase is a common substitute for fuck in Ireland, where it is considered to be less rude, though still not acceptable in many contexts. It has come into occasional use across the UK in the last 15 years as a result of its frequent use in the comedy series. Although the word is considered to be equally as rude as fuck, its appearance in Father Ted and in a advert suggest the opposite. [ ] See also.

Sphinx Publishing.. • Hargrave, Andrea Millwood (2000).. London: Advertising Standards Authority, British Broadcasting Corporation, Broadcasting Standards Commission, Independent Television Commission. Random House..

Presents hundreds of uses of fuck and related words. •, Practical English Usage,, 1995,.

•, Eros Denied: Sex in Western Society. Grove Press/Zebra Books, New York 1964. •, Psychology of the Unconscious: A Study of the Transformations and Symbolisms of the Libido.

Moffat, Yard and Company, New York 1916. Translated by, M.D., Neurological Dept.

Of and of the New York Post Graduate Medical School. •, Blue Streak: Swearing, Free Speech & Sexual Harassment, (1996). Chapters on famous swear words, including the f-word, and the laws pertaining to their use. • – documentary film by Steve Anderson ( 2005) External links.