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• • • Human sacrifice is the act of killing one or more humans, usually as an offering to a deity, as part of a. Human sacrifice has been practiced in various throughout history. Victims were typically ritually killed in a manner that was supposed to please or appease, or the, for example as a or as a retainer sacrifice when a king's servants are killed in order for them to continue to serve their master in the next life.
Closely related practices found in some societies are and. By the, with the associated developments in religion (the ), human sacrifice was becoming less common throughout the, and came to be looked down upon as in. In the, however, human sacrifice continued to be widespread to varying degrees until the. In modern times, even the practice of has disappeared from many religions, and human sacrifice has become extremely rare. Most religions condemn the practice, and modern secular laws treat it as. In a society which condemns human sacrifice, the term ritual murder is used. Human sacrifice is distinguished from.
Infanticide is deliberately causing the death of an unwanted infant or young child, but without a ritualistic or religious purpose. The yam festival, early 19th century Human sacrifice has been practiced on a number of different occasions and in many different cultures. The various rationales behind human sacrifice are the same that motivate religious sacrifice in general. Human sacrifice is intended to bring good fortune and to pacify the gods, for example in the context of the dedication of a completed building like a temple or bridge. In ancient Japan, legends talk about ('human pillar'), in which maidens were at the base or near some constructions to protect the buildings against disasters or enemy attacks, and an almost identical myth appears in the Albanian epos where a sacrifice of a young mother still nursing her child will keep the city of Skadar (today in the northern tip of Albania) walls from evil. See Bridge of Arta. For the re-consecration of the Great Pyramid of in 1487, the reported that they killed about 80,400 prisoners over the course of four days.
According to, author of Aztec Warfare, 'between 10,000 and 80,400 persons' were sacrificed in the ceremony. Human sacrifice can also have the intention of winning the gods' favour in warfare. In Homeric legend, was to be sacrificed by her father to appease so she would allow the Greeks to wage the. According to the, vowed to devote to God the first creature to come out of his house to meet him if he won the battle against the.
Judges 11:30-31; 'And Jephthah vowed a vow unto the Lord, and said, If thou shalt without fail deliver the children of into mine hands, Then it shall be, that whatsoever cometh forth of the doors of my house to meet me, when I return in peace from the children of Ammon, shall surely be the Lord's, and I will Him a burnt offering.' His daughter was the first to come out and meet him. Judges 11:34; 'And Jephthah came to Mizpeh unto his house, and, behold, his daughter came out to meet him with timbrels and with dances: and she was his only child; beside her he had neither son nor daughter.'
Although there is some uncertainty as to whether this was human sacrifice or, academia discusses this in the context of human sacrifice, drawing parallels to Abraham's near-sacrifice of Isaac. In some notions of an, the deceased will benefit from victims killed at his funeral.,, early and various chiefs could take most of their household, including servants and, with them to the next world. This is sometimes called a 'retainer sacrifice', as the leader's retainers would be sacrificed along with their master, so that they could continue to serve him in the afterlife. Sacrifice, from 's account of 's travels around the world from 1817 to 1820. Another purpose is from the body parts of the victim. According to, stabbed a victim with a sword and divined the future from his death spasms.
Is the practice of taking the head of a killed adversary, for ceremonial or magical purposes, or for reasons of prestige. It was found in many pre-modern. Human sacrifice may be a ritual practiced in a stable society, and may even be conductive to enhance societal bonds (see: ), both by creating a unifying the sacrificing community, and in combining human sacrifice and, by removing individuals that have a negative effect on societal stability (criminals, religious heretics, foreign slaves or prisoners of war). But outside of, human sacrifice may also result in outbursts of 'blood frenzy' and that destabilize society. The bursts of human sacrifice during, or during the French Revolutionary, show similar sociological patterns [ ] (see also ). Many cultures show traces of prehistoric human sacrifice in their mythologies and religious texts, but ceased the practice before the onset of historical records. Some see the story of ( 22) as an example of an explaining the abolition of human sacrifice.
The Vedic (literally 'human sacrifice') is already a purely symbolic act in its earliest attestation. According to, human sacrifice in was abolished by a senatorial decree in 97, although by this time the practice had already become so rare that the decree was mostly a symbolic act. Human sacrifice once abolished is typically replaced by either animal sacrifice, or by the 'mock-sacrifice' of, such as the in ancient Rome. History by region [ ] Ancient Near East [ ]. Further information: There may be evidence of retainer sacrifice in the early dynastic period at, when on the death of a King he would be accompanied with servants, and possibly high officials, who would continue to serve him in eternal life. The skeletons that were found had no obvious signs of trauma, leading to speculation that the giving up of life to serve the King may have been a voluntary act, possibly carried out in a drug induced state. At about 2800 BCE any possible evidence of such practices disappeared, though echoes are perhaps to be seen in the burial of statues of servants in tombs.
Mesopotamia [ ] Retainer sacrifice was practised within the royal tombs of ancient Mesopotamia. Courtiers, guards, musicians, handmaidens and grooms were presumed to have committed ritual suicide by taking poison. A new examination of skulls from the royal cemetery at Ur, discovered in Iraq almost a century ago, appears to support a more grisly interpretation of human sacrifices associated with elite burials in ancient Mesopotamia than had previously been recognized, say archaeologists.
Palace attendants, as part of royal mortuary ritual, were not dosed with poison to meet death serenely. Instead, they were put to death by having a sharp instrument, such as a pike, driven into their heads. Further information: References in the point to an awareness of human sacrifice in the history of ancient near-eastern practice. During a battle with the Israelites the King of Moab gives his firstborn son and heir as a whole burnt offering ( olah, as used of the Temple sacrifice) (2 Kings 3:27). The Bible then recounts that following the King's sacrifice 'There was great indignation [or wrath] against Israel', and that the Israelites had to raise their siege of the Moabite capital and go away. This verse had perplexed many later Jewish and Christian commentators who tried to explain why should the Moabite King's sacrifice make God angry at the Israelites. Whatever the explanation, evidently at the time of writing such an act of sacrificing the firstborn son and heir was considered as an emergency measure, to be performed in exceptional cases where Divine favor is desperately needed - and that in such cases it might be effective.
The appears in the (22); the story appears in the but Ismael is the one to be sacrificed. In both the Quranic and Biblical stories, tests by asking him to present his son as a sacrifice on. Abraham agrees to this command without arguing.
The story ends with an stopping Abraham at the last minute and providing a ram, caught in some nearby bushes, to be sacrificed instead. Many Bible scholars have suggested this story's origin was a remembrance of an era when human sacrifice was abolished in favour of animal sacrifice. Another possible instance of human sacrifice mentioned in the Bible is the sacrifice of 's daughter in Judges 11. Jephthah vows to sacrifice to God whatsoever comes to greet him at the door when he returns home if he is victorious. The vow is stated in the, 11:31: 'Then it shall be, that whatsoever cometh forth of the doors of my house to meet me, when I return in peace from the children of Ammon, shall surely be the Lord's, and I will offer Him a burnt offering.' When he returns from battle, his virgin daughter runs out to greet him. She begs for, and is granted, 'two months to roam the hills and weep with my friends', after which 'he [Jephthah] did to her as he had vowed.'
According to some commentators of, Jepthah's daughter was not sacrificed, but was forbidden to marry and remained a spinster her entire life, fulfilling the vow that she would be devoted to the Lord. Phoenicia [ ]. The Sacrifice of Iphigeneia, a mythological depiction of a sacrificial procession on a from References to human sacrifice can be found in Greek historical accounts as well as mythology. The human sacrifice in mythology, the salvation in some versions of (who was about to be sacrificed by her father ) and her replacement with a deer by the goddess, may be a vestigial memory of the abandonment and discrediting of the practice of human sacrifice among the Greeks in favour of animal sacrifice.
[ ] was infrequent but documented. Roman authors often contrast their own behavior with that of people who would commit the heinous act of human sacrifice. These authors make it clear that such practices were from a much more uncivilized time in the past, far removed. It is thought that many ritualistic celebrations and dedications to gods used to involve human sacrifice, but have now been replaced with symbolic offerings. Says that the ritual of the, in which straw figures were tossed into the, may have been a substitute for an original offering of elderly men.
Cicero claims that puppets thrown from the Pons Suplicius by the Vestal Virgins in a processional ceremony were substitutes for the past sacrifice of old men. After the, two Gauls and two Greeks in male-female couples were buried under the, in a stone chamber used for the purpose at least once before. In description of these sacrifices, he distances the practice from Roman tradition and asserts that the past human sacrifices evident in the same location were “wholly alien to the Roman spirit.'
The rite was apparently repeated in 113 BCE, preparatory to an invasion of Gaul. They buried both the Greeks and the two Gauls alive as a plea to the Gods to save Rome from destruction at the hands of. When the Romans conquered the Celts in Gaul, they tortured the people by cutting off their hands and feet and leaving them to die. The Romans justified their actions by also accusing the Celts of practicing human sacrifice.
According to, human sacrifice was banned by law during the of and in 97 BCE, although by this time it was so rare that the decree was largely symbolic. The Romans also had traditions that centered around ritual murder, but which they did not consider to be sacrifice. Such practices included burying unchaste alive and drowning hermaphroditic children. These were seen as reactions to extraordinary circumstances as opposed to being part of Roman tradition.
Vestal Virgins who were accused of being unchaste were put to death, and a special chamber was built to bury them alive. This aim was to please the gods and restore balance to Rome.
Human sacrifices, in the form of burying individuals alive, were not uncommon during times of panic in ancient Rome. However, the burial of unchaste Vestal Virgins was also practiced in times of peace. Their chasteness was thought to be a safeguard of the city, and even in punishment the state of their bodies was preserved in order to maintain the peace. A reconstructed depicts the Vestal Virgin in the center, two soldiers on the left, and a man on the right bringing gifts. It tells the myth of the suffocating her under the weight of their gifts, and sets the example of punishment for Vestal Virgins who broke their vow of chastity.
Captured enemy leaders were only occasionally executed at the conclusion of a, and the Romans themselves did not consider these deaths a sacrificial offering. [ ] combat was thought by the Romans to have originated as fights to the death among war captives at the funerals of Roman generals, and such as considered deaths to be little more than human sacrifice. Over time, participants became criminals and slaves, and their death was considered a sacrifice to the on behalf of the dead.
Political rumors sometimes centered around sacrifice and in doing so, aimed to liken individuals to barbarians and show that the individual had become uncivilized. Human sacrifice also became a marker and defining characteristic of magic and bad religion. Main articles: and According to Roman sources, engaged extensively in human sacrifice. According to, the slaves and dependents of of rank would be burnt along with the body of their master as part of his funerary rites. He also describes how they built wicker figures that were filled with living humans and then burned. According to, 's forces impaled Roman captives during her rebellion against the, to the accompaniment of revelry and sacrifices in the sacred groves of Andate. Different gods reportedly required different kinds of sacrifices.
Victims meant for were, being an example, those meant for and those for drowned. Some, like the, may have gone to their deaths willingly. Was a major religious and cultural practice which has found copious support in the archaeological record, including the numerous skulls discovered in 's and the 12 headless corpses at the French late sanctuary of.
Germanic peoples [ ]. Main article: Sixth century Byzantine emperor 's wrote of the Slavs: They don't hold their prisoners indefinitely, like other people, but, limiting their time as prisoners, offer them a choice: either to ransom their way back to home or to stay where they are, as free man and friends. In the 10th century, Persian explorer described funerary rites for the (Scandinavian traders in northeastern Europe) including the sacrifice of a young female slave. Describes prisoner sacrifice by the Rus' led by during the 'in accordance with their ancestral custom.' According to the 12th-century Russian, prisoners of war were sacrificed to the supreme Slavic deity. Sacrifices to pagan gods, along with paganism itself, were banned after the by Prince in the 980s.
Archeological findings indicate that the practice may have been widespread, at least among slaves, judging from mass graves containing the cremated fragments of a number of different people. China [ ] The are known to have made sacrifices of young men and women to (), and to have buried alive with their owners upon death as part of a service.
This was especially prevalent during the and Dynasties. During the period, of demonstrated to the villagers that sacrifice to river deities was actually a ploy by crooked priests to pocket money. In Chinese lore, Ximen Bao is regarded as a folk hero who pointed out the absurdity of human sacrifice. The sacrifice of a high-ranking male's slaves, or servants upon his death (called Xun Zang 殉葬 or Sheng Xun 生殉) was a more common form. The stated purpose was to provide companionship for the dead in the afterlife.
In earlier times, the victims were either killed or buried alive, while later they were usually forced to commit suicide. Funeral human sacrifice was widely practiced in the ancient Chinese.
According to the by historian, the practice was started by, the tenth ruler of Qin, who had 66 people buried with him in 678 BCE. The fourteenth ruler had 177 people buried with him in 621 BCE, including three senior government officials. Afterwards, the people of Qin wrote the famous poem Yellow Bird to condemn this barbaric practice, later compiled in the. The tomb of the eighteenth ruler, who died in 537 BCE, has been excavated.
More than 180 coffins containing the remains of 186 victims were found in the tomb. The practice would continue until abolished it in 384 BCE. Modern historian Ma Feibai considers the significance of Duke Xian's abolition of human sacrifice in Chinese history comparable to that of 's abolition of slavery in American history.
After the abolition by Duke Xian, funeral human sacrifice became relatively rare throughout the central parts of China. However, the of the revived it in 1395 when his second son died and two of the prince's concubines were sacrificed. In 1464, the in his will forbade the practice for Ming emperors and princes.
Human sacrifice was also practised by the. Following 's death, his wife,, and his two lesser consorts committed suicide. During the, sacrifice of slaves was banned by the in 1673. Tibet [ ] Human sacrifice, including, was practiced in prior to the arrival of in the 7th century. The prevalence of human sacrifice in medieval Buddhist Tibet is less clear.
The, as professing Buddhists, could not condone blood sacrifices, and they replaced the human victims with effigies made from dough. This replacement of human victims with effigies is attributed to, a Tibetan saint of the mid-8th century, in Tibetan tradition. Nevertheless, there is some evidence that outside of lamaism, there were practices of human sacrifice which survived throughout the medieval period, and possibly into modern times. The 15th-century, a document of, reports upon how in 13th-century Tibet the so-called '18 robber-monks' slaughtered men and women in their ceremonies.
Such practices of human sacrifice were mostly replaced by animal sacrifice, or the self-infliction of wounds in religious ritual, by the 20th century. [ ] A systematic survey of evidence for human sacrifice in 20th-century Tibet turns up three instances: • reports the finding of the remains of an eight-year-old boy and a girl of the same age in a stupa on the Bhutan-Tibet border, apparently ritually killed. • American anthropologist Robert Ekvall in the 1950s reported some instances of human sacrifice in remote areas of the.
Based on this evidence, Grunfeld (1996) concludes that it cannot be ruled out that isolated instances of human sacrifice did survive in remote areas of Tibet until the mid-20th century, but they must have been rare enough to have left no more traces than the evidence cited above. Indian subcontinent [ ]. Fierce goddesses like are recorded to have been offered human sacrifice.
In India human sacrifice is mainly known as 'Narabali'. Here 'nara' means man and 'bali' means sacrifice. Currently human sacrifice is very rare and almost non-existent in modern India. However, there have been at least 3 cases through 2003–2013 where 3 men have been murdered in the name of human sacrifice implying the practice may still be ongoing in greater numbers in the unpoliced slums. The earliest evidence for human sacrifice in the Indian subcontinent dates back to the Bronze Age. An Indus seal from depicts the upside-down nude female figure with legs outspread and a plant issuing from her womb.
The reverse side of the seal depicts a man holding a sickle and a woman seated on the ground in a posture of prayer. Many scholars interpret this scene as a human sacrifice in honor of the Mother-Goddess, although many historians doubt it.
Regarding possible mention of human sacrifice, the prevailing 19th-century view, associated above all with, was that human sacrifice did not actually take place. Those verses which referred to were meant to be read symbolically, or as a 'priestly fantasy'. However, published a defence of the thesis that human sacrifice, as had been practised in, was a continuation of traditions dating back to Vedic periods. Held to Colebrooke's view; but underlined its disputed status. Human and animal sacrifice became less common during the post-Vedic period, as ahimsa (non-violence) became part of mainstream religious thought. The (3.17.4) includes ahimsa in its list of virtues. The impact of Sramanic religions such as Buddhism and Jainism also became known in the Indian subcontinent.
It was agreed even by Colebrooke, however, that by the period—at least at the time of the writing of the, human sacrifice was accepted. The Kalika Purana was composed in Northeast India in the 11th century.
The text states that blood sacrifice is only permitted when the country is in danger and war is expected. According to the text, the performer of a sacrifice will obtain victory over his enemies.
In the medieval period, it became increasingly common. In the 7th century,, in a description of the dedication of a temple of, describes a series of human sacrifices; similarly, in the 9th century, describes the sacrifices to Chandika in. The town of in North Karnataka there exists an ancient temple, built around the 8-9th century AD, which has a history of human sacrifices.
Human sacrifice is reputed to have been performed on the altars of the, a (Great Goddess) temple located at, in the district of. It was built during the reign of king in 1667 (1745–1746 AD).
It used to be an important center of in ancient Assam. Its presiding goddess is in her aspect of, slayer of the demon Mahisasura. Human sacrifices were carried out in connection with the worship of Shakti until approximately the early modern period, and in perhaps as late as the early 19th century. Although not accepted by larger section of, certain Tantric cults performed human sacrifice until around the same time, both actual and symbolic; it was a highly ritualised act, and on occasion took many months to complete. The, an of India, inhabiting the tributary states of Odisha and, became notorious, on the British occupation of their district about 1835, from the prevalence and cruelty of the human sacrifices they practised. Witnessing human sacrifice in c.
1773 In, a temple, or luakini, was a sacred place where human and animal blood sacrifices were offered. Kauwa, the outcast or slave class, were often used as human sacrifices at the luakini heiau.
They are believed to have been, or the descendants of war captives. They were not the only sacrifices; law-breakers of all castes or defeated political opponents were also acceptable as victims. The people of practised -strangling. When Fijians adopted Christianity, widow-strangling was abandoned. Pre-Columbian Americas [ ].
Altar for human sacrifice at Some of the most famous forms of ancient human sacrifice were performed by various civilizations in the that included the sacrifice of prisoners as well as voluntary sacrifice. Friar (1539), writing of the, said that from time to time 'they of this valley cast lots whose luck (honour) it shall be to be sacrificed, and they make him great cheer, on whom the lot falls, and with great joy they crown him with flowers upon a bed prepared in the said ditch all full of flowers and sweet herbs, on which they lay him along, and lay great store of dry wood on both sides of him, and set it on fire on either part, and so he dies' and 'that the victim took great pleasure' in being sacrificed. North America [ ] The players of the were sacrificed when the game was used to resolve a dispute between cities. The rulers would play a game instead of going to battle. The losing ruler would be sacrificed. The ruler 'Eight Deer', who was considered a great ball player and who won several cities this way, was eventually sacrificed, because he attempted to go beyond lineage-governing practices, and to try to create an empire.
Main article: The held the belief that or limestone sinkholes were portals to the underworld and sacrificed human beings and tossed them down the cenote to please the water god. The most notable example of this is the '. Extensive excavations have recovered the remains of 42 individuals, half of them under twenty years old. Only in the era did this practice become as frequent as in central Mexico. In the Post-Classic period, the victims and the altar are represented as daubed in a hue now known as, obtained from the plant and the clay mineral.
Aztec sacrifices,. The were particularly noted for practicing human sacrifice on a large scale; an offering to would be made to restore the blood he lost, as the sun was engaged in a daily battle. Human sacrifices would prevent the end of the world that could happen on each cycle of 52 years.
In the 1487 re-consecration of the some estimate that 80,400 prisoners were sacrificed though numbers are difficult to quantify as all obtainable Aztec texts were destroyed by Christian missionaries during the period 1528–1548. The Aztec, also known as Mexica, periodically sacrificed children as it was believed that the rain god, Tlaloc, required the tears of children. According to, author of Aztec Warfare, 'between 10,000 and 80,400 people' were sacrificed in the ceremony. The old reports of numbers sacrificed for special feasts have been described as 'unbelievably high' by some authors and that on cautious reckoning, based on reliable evidence, the numbers could not have exceeded at most several hundred per year in Tenochtitlan. The real number of sacrificed victims during the 1487 consecration is unknown.
The funeral procession of Tattooed Serpent in 1725, with retainers waiting to be sacrificed The peoples of the Southeastern United States known as the (800 to 1600 CE) have been suggested to have practiced human sacrifice, because some artifacts have been interpreted as depicting such acts. At (the largest Mississippian site), located near modern, was found to have numerous pits filled with mass burials thought to have been retainer sacrifices.
One of several similar pit burials had the remains of 53 young women who had been strangled and neatly arranged in two layers. Another pit held 39 men, women and children who showed signs of dying a violent death before being unceremoniously dumped into the pit. Several bodies showed signs of not having been fully dead when buried and of having tried to claw their way to the surface. On top of these people another group had been neatly arranged on litters made of cedar poles and cane matting. Another group of four individuals found in the mound were interred on a low platform, with their arms interlocked. They had had their heads and hands removed.
The most spectacular burial at the mound is the '. This was the burial of a tall man in his 40s, now thought to have been an important early Cahokian ruler.
He was buried on an elevated platform covered by a bed of more than 20,000 marine-shell disc beads arranged in the shape of a, with the bird's head appearing beneath and beside the man's head, and its wings and tail beneath his arms and legs. Below the birdman was another man, buried facing downward.
Surrounding the birdman were several other retainers and groups of elaborate. A ritual sacrifice of retainers and commoners upon the death of an elite personage is also attested in the historical record among the last remaining fully Mississippian culture, the. Upon the death of ' in 1725, the war chief and younger brother of the 'Great Sun' or Chief of the Natchez; two of his wives, one of his sisters (nicknamed La Glorieuse by the French), his first warrior, his doctor, his head servant and the servant's wife, his nurse, and a craftsman of war clubs all chose to die and be interred with him, as well as several old women and an infant who was strangled by his parents.
Great honor was associated with such a sacrifice, and their kin were held in high esteem. After a funeral procession with the chiefs body carried on a litter made of cane matting and cedar poles ended at the temple (which was located on top of a low ); the retainers with their faces painted red and drugged with large doses of nicotine, were ritually strangled. Tattooed Serpent was then buried in a trench inside the temple floor and the retainers were buried in other locations atop the mound surrounding the temple. After a few months time the bodies were dis-interred and their defleshed bones were stored as bundle burials in the temple.
The practiced an annual, which included the sacrifice of a young girl. Though the ritual continued, the sacrifice was discontinued in the 19th century. The are said to have occasionally sent a maiden to the Great Spirit. The torture of war captives by the tribes of the Eastern Woodlands cultural region also seems to have had sacrificial motivations.
See South America [ ]. A ', a ceremonial knife used in Andean cultures, often for sacrificial purposes The Incas practiced human sacrifice, especially at great festivals or royal funerals where retainers died to accompany the dead into the next life. The of Eastern sacrificed teenagers en masse, as archaeologist Steve Bourget found when he uncovered the bones of 42 male adolescents in 1995. The study of the images seen in Moche art has enabled researchers to reconstruct the culture's most important ceremonial sequence, which began with ritual combat and culminated in the sacrifice of those defeated in battle.
Dressed in fine clothes and adornments, armed warriors faced each other in ritual combat. In this hand-to-hand encounter the aim was to remove the opponent's headdress rather than kill him. The object of the combat was the provision of victims for sacrifice. The vanquished were stripped and bound, after which they were led in procession to the place of sacrifice. The captives are portrayed as strong and sexually potent. In the temple, the priests and priestesses would prepare the victims for sacrifice. The sacrificial methods employed varied, but at least one of the victims would be bled to death.
His blood was offered to the principal deities in order to please and placate them. The of Peru also made human sacrifices. As many as 4,000 servants, court officials, favorites, and concubines were killed upon the death of the Inca in 1527, for example.
A number of mummies of sacrificed children have been recovered in the Inca regions of, an ancient practice known as. The Incas performed during or after important events, such as the death of the (emperor) or during a. West Africa [ ]. Victims for sacrifice - from, 1793 Human sacrifice was common in West African states up to and during the 19th century. The was the most notorious example, but sacrifices were carried out all along the West African coast and further inland. Sacrifices were particularly common after the death of a King or Queen, and there are many recorded cases of hundreds or even thousands of slaves being sacrificed at such events.
Sacrifices were particularly common in, in the, in what is now, and in the small independent states in what is now southern. According to, 'Just consider the Grand Custom in Dahomey: When a ruler died, hundreds, sometimes even thousands, of prisoners would be slain. In one of these ceremonies in 1727, as many as 4,000 were reported killed. In addition, Dahomey had an during which 500 prisoners were sacrificed.' In the of modern-day, human sacrifice was often combined with capital punishment. In the northern parts of West Africa, human sacrifice had become rare early as Islam became more established in these areas such as the. Human sacrifice was officially banned in the remainder of West African states only by coercion, or in some cases, by either the British or French.
An important step was the British coercing the powerful secret society to oppose human sacrifice in 1850. This society was powerful in a large number of states in what is now south-eastern. Nonetheless, human sacrifice continued, normally in secret, until West Africa came under firm colonial control.
The were a West African secret society active into the mid-1900s that practised. In theory, the ritual cannibalism would strengthen both members of the society as well as their entire tribe. In, the Lion men committed an estimated 200 murders in a single three-month period. Canary Islands [ ] It has been reported from Spanish chronicles that the (ancient inhabitants of these islands) performed both animal and human sacrifices.
During the summer solstice in children were sacrificed by being thrown from a cliff into the sea. These children were brought from various parts of the island for the purpose of sacrifice. Likewise, when an aboriginal king died his subjects should also assume the sea, along with the embalmers who embalmed the. In, bones of children were found mixed with those of lambs and goat kids and on Tenerife, amphorae have been found with the remains of children inside. This suggests a different kind of ritual infanticide to those who were thrown off the cliffs. Prohibition in major religions [ ] Judaism [ ] explicitly forbids human sacrifice, regarding it as murder.
Jews view the as central to the abolition of human sacrifice. Some scholars assert that its replacement is the sacrificial offering of animals at the Temple —using Exodus 13:2–12f; 22:28f; 34:19f; Numeri 3:1ff; 18:15; Deuteronomy 15:19—others view that as being superseded by the symbolic sacrifice of the covenant of. Leviticus 20:2 and Deuteronomy 18:10 specifically outlaw the giving of children to, making it punishable by stoning; the subsequently denounces human sacrifice as barbaric customs of Moloch worshippers (e.g. Psalms 106:37ff). Judges chapter 11 features a named vowing that 'whatsoever cometh forth from the doors of my house to meet me shall surely be the Lord's, and I will offer it up as a burnt-offering' in gratitude for God's help with a military battle against the Ammonites.
Much to Jephthah's dismay, his only daughter greeted him upon his triumphant return. Judges 11:39 states that Jephthah did as he had vowed, but 'shies away from explicitly depicting her sacrifice, which leads some ancient and modern interpreters (e.g., ) to suggest that she was not actually killed.' According to the he was under no obligation to keep the ill-phrased, illegal vow. According to Rabbi, in his commentary on the Mishnah, it was Jephthah's obligation to pay the vow in money. According to the, Jepthah's daughter was not sacrificed, but was forbidden to marry and remained a spinster her entire life.
The 1st-century CE historian, however, stated that Jephthah 'sacrificed his child as a burnt-offering—a sacrifice neither sanctioned by the law nor well-pleasing to God; for he had not by reflection probed what might befall or in what aspect the deed would appear to them that heard of it'. Latin philosopher, late first century CE, wrote that Jephthah burnt his daughter because he could find no sage in Israel who would cancel his vow. In other words, in the opinion of the Latin philosopher, this story of an ill-phrased vow consolidates that human sacrifice is not an order or requirement by, but the punishment for those who illegally vowed to sacrifice humans. An angel ends the by - believed to be a foreshadowing of the human sacrifice of Christ ( The Offering of Abraham, Genesis 22:1-13, workshop of, 1636; ) Christianity [ ] Christianity developed the belief that the story of was a of the sacrifice of, whose death and resurrection enabled the salvation and atonement for man from its sins, including.
There is a tradition that the site of Isaac's binding,, later became, the city of Jesus's future crucifixion. The beliefs of most Christian denominations hinge upon the of the sacrifice of, which was necessary for salvation in the afterlife.
According to Christian doctrine, each individual person on earth must participate in, and/or receive the benefits of, this divine human sacrifice for the atonement of their. Early Christian sources explicitly described this event as a sacrificial offering, with Christ in the role of both and human sacrifice, although starting with the, some writers, such as, have disputed the model of Jesus' death as a propitiatory sacrifice. Rene Girard has demonstrated that the Gospels are a radical subversion of pagan notions of sacrifice. Instead of humans offering victims to angry deities (as is always the case with pagan sacrifice), Jesus, as the incarnate presence of God (YHWH), offers himself into the hands of violent humans to reveal what the Hebrew prophets meant when they said that 'the Lord' (YHWH) rejects sacrifice and desires justice and mercy instead. The 'self-sacrifice' of Christ is, therefore, a revelation that violent sacrifice has nothing to do with God.
It is simply murder—which the story of Cain and Abel showed at the very dawn of civilisation (Cain is called 'father of cities'). Saint Paul calls on Christians in his Letter to the Romans (12:1) to do the very opposite of conventional religious sacrifice: 'offer your own bodies as a living sacrifice', he says, instead of the dead bodies of others. In other words, the only kind of 'sacrifice' acceptable to God is to give one's life for others, which means to live one's life for others, even unto death, just as Jesus did. It is in that sense that Christ 'sacrificed' himself; and in that sense that his 'pure sacrifice' is celebrated in the sacrament of the eucharist. And Christians believe that this 'pure sacrifice' as Christ's self-giving in love is made present in the of the.
In this tradition, bread and wine becomes the ' (the literal and Blood of the Risen Christ. Receiving the Eucharist is a central part of the religious life of Catholic and Orthodox Christians. Most traditions do not share the belief in the Real Presence but otherwise are varied, for example, they may believe that in the bread and wine, Christ is present only spiritually, not in the sense of a change in substance () or that the bread and wine of communion are a merely symbolic reminder (). Although early Christians in the Roman Empire were accused of being cannibals, theophages (Greek for 'god eaters') practices such as human sacrifice were abhorrent to them.
In medieval Irish Catholic texts, there is mention of the early church in Ireland supposedly containing the practice of burying sacrificial victims underneath churches in order to consecrate them. This may have a relation to pagan Celtic practices of foundation sacrifice. The most notable example of this is the case of a companion of who (according to legend) volunteered to die and be buried under the church of the monastery of Iona. However, there is no evidence that such things ever happened in reality and contemporary records closer to the time period have no mention of a practice like this.
Eastern religions [ ]. Main article: Many traditions of including, and some sects of embrace the doctrine of (non-violence) which imposes and outlaws animal as well as human sacrifice. In the case of Buddhism, both bhikkhus (monks) and bhikkhunis (nuns) were forbidden to take life in any form as part of the, while non-violence was promoted among laity through encouragement of the. Across the Buddhist world both meat and alcohol are strongly discouraged as offerings to a Buddhist altar, with the former being synonymous with sacrifice, and the latter a violation of the Five Precepts.
In, based on the principle of ahimsa, any human or animal sacrifice is forbidden. In the 19th and 20th centuries, prominent figures of Indian spirituality such as,, and emphasised the importance of ahimsa. Further information: and Human sacrifice, in the context of religious ritual, still occurs in other traditional religions, for example in killings in and other ritual killings in.
[ ] When the purpose of the practice is to procure wealth for the one who commissions the act, a human sacrifice is called a. Human sacrifice is no longer officially condoned in any country, and such cases are regarded as murder. In January, 2008, of confessed being part of human sacrifices which 'included the killing of an innocent child and plucking out the heart, which was divided into pieces for us to eat.' He fought against 's militia. Europe [ ] United Kingdom [ ] In June 2005, a report by the claimed that boys from Africa were being trafficked to the for human sacrifice. It noted that children were beaten and murdered after being labelled as witches by pastors in an Angolan community in London. Oceania [ ] Papua New Guinea [ ], a cult leader known as 'Black Jesus' was castrated and disemboweled by villagers after being hacked to death.
Police said that he was hunted down by a mob of villagers, after allegedly killing a teenage girl during a sacrifice ritual. Ritual murder [ ] Ritual killings perpetrated by individuals or small groups within a society that denounces them as simple murder are difficult to classify as either 'human sacrifice' or mere pathological homicide because they lack the societal integration of proper. The instances closest to 'ritual killing' in the criminal history of modern society would be pathological such as the, and with a background, such as the, the, the or the incidents. [ ] Other examples include the ' killings' attributed to American cult leader and the 'Superior Universal Alignment' killings in 1990s Brazil. See also [ ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to.
• • • • • • • – The Divine King in England • • • References [ ] Citations [ ].